2012年国内外石油化工行业事故统计分析

按照事故级别、所属板块、事故类型、事故时间、涉及的化学品、发生国家,对2011年和2012年国内外石油化工行业发生的死亡1人以上的事故进行了统计分析,研究了事故动态和趋势.结果表明:重特大事故呈上升态势,具有“小概率、大后果”的特点;事故涉及的化学品种类很集中;我国伤亡事故金字塔呈现出“底部小、形状陡”的特点;死亡人数/起数比值与经济发展水平有关;爆炸事故的起数和死亡人数最高,事故起数增幅较大,火灾事故起数增幅不大,但死亡人数有大幅度增加,泄漏事故和其他事故的起数、死亡人数均有所降低.根据统计分析的结果,从加强未遂事件管理、引进OSHA绩效考核机制、加强危险品运输和化工企业安全监管、加大安全投入和提升安全技术装备水平等方面提出了建议措施.对研究国内外石化行业的事故动向,从整体上防范事故发生,具有重要的指导意义.     

利用填埋气体去除渗滤液中成垢离子的化学机理研究

为防治渗滤液输送管道结垢,本文提出了在渗滤液进入输送管道前,利用填埋气体预先去除其中成垢离子后再进行输送的思路.本文采取室内模拟实验的方式,研究渗滤液中成垢离子(钙、镁离子)去除率的控制因子,如:模拟填埋气体(N2∶ CO2比例=1∶1)的进气速率、渗滤液pH及系统温度,并分析了各因子引起去除率发生变化的化学机理.研究发现,进气速率越小,渗滤液pH越高,系统温度越低,渗滤液中成垢离子的去除率越高.该研究为工程上利用填埋气体去除渗滤液中成垢离子提供了理论依据,具有一定现实意义.     

Structure and function of Dufour gland pheromones from the crazy ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paratrechina longicornis</Emphasis>

Summary. Dufour glands of Paratrechina longicornis were analyzed chemically using GC-MS techniques. The glands contained twelve alkanes between C₉ and C₂₀ chain length with undecane and tridecane as the main components, six alkenes (1- and 4-undecene, 1-, 4-, and 6- tridecene, and heptadecadiene), two alkyl formates (C₁₁ and C₁₃), and saturated and polyunsaturated acids. Many of the alkanes and alkenes were behaviorally active causing a short lasting attraction of ants with different intensity. Detection of the major gland compound undecane in recruitment trails by in vivo SPME sampling provided evidence for its use as a recruitment pheromone. Both poison gland (formic acid) and Dufour gland (undecane) contents were detected on SPME fibers which had been attacked by the ants.     

CODcr测定中氯离子的影响及消除

根据油田采出水中氯离子含量高，对COD_(Cr)测定影响较大的特点，通过实验探讨高含氯对测定污水CODCr的影响及消除其影响的方法。实验结果表明，对高含氯、低CODCr的污水用国标方法测定CODCr时会产生较大误差，且误差随氯离子含量的增加而增大；采用不掩蔽氯离子测污水CODCr总量，再用CODCr总量减去氯离子产生CODCr量的方法，则能反映污水的真实CODCr值，误差小一些。     

黄姜种质资源、化学成分及组织培养研究概况

对黄姜种质资源、化学成分及组织培养研究概况进行了综述.为下一步开展相关研究提供依据.     

Chemical Composition and Sources of PM10 and PM2.5 Aerosols in Guangzhou, China

Aerosol samples of PM10 and PM2.5 are collected in summertime at four monitoring sites in Guangzhou, China. The concentrations of organic and elemental carbons (OC/EC), inorganic ions, and elements in PM10 and PM2.5 are also quantified. Our study aims to: (1) characterize the particulate concentrations and associated chemical species in urban atmosphere (2) identify the potential sources and estimate their apportionment. The results show that average concentration of PM2.5 (97.54 μg m⁻³) in Guangzhou significantly exceeds the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) 24-h average of 65 μg m⁻³. OC, EC, Sulfate, ammonium, K, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd and Se are mainly in PM2.5 fraction of particles, while chloride, nitrate, Na, Mg, Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn are mainly in PM2.5-10 fraction. The major components such as sulfate, OC and EC account for about 70–90% of the particulate mass. Enrichment factors (EF) for elements are calculated to indicate that elements of anthropogenic origins (Zn, Pb, As, Se, V, Ni, Cu and Cd) are highly enriched with respect to crustal composition (Al, Fe, Ca, Ti and Mn). Ambient and source data are used in the multi-variable linearly regression analysis for source identification and apportionment, indicating that major sources and their apportionments of ambient particulate aerosols in Guangzhou are vehicle exhaust by 38.4% and coal combustion by 26.0%, respetively.     

施用污泥堆肥对滩涂土壤理化性质的影响

污泥堆肥中富含有机质营养成分，可改良土壤，同时要防止重金属和病原菌等可能引起的污染。为评价污泥堆肥作为土壤改良基质的可能性，本试验系统进行了上海曲阳水质净化厂污泥堆肥／滩涂土混配土的理化性质分析。研究结果表明，污泥堆肥与滩涂土混配后，土壤pH、电导率、阳离子交换量等理化指标得到改善；营养得到补充，肥力提高明显；混配土中未见病原菌污染问题，污泥堆肥施加比例控制在30％（干重计）以内时，也不存在重金属污染风险，混配土可以满足农用要求。     

再沸器管箱封头环焊缝裂纹形成机理研究

某化工厂的一分塔再沸器在定期检验过程中,发现材质为奥氏体不锈钢的管箱封头环焊缝存在穿透性纵向裂纹缺陷。为了进一步了解裂纹形成的原因,避免类似缺陷再次产生。本文通过对案例背景介绍,在定期检验结果的基础上,通过对缺陷部位进行取样,在实验室采用理化检验方法,结合设计和使用参数,对裂纹的形成机理进行分析并得出结论。     

Ni-Co-P/EG复合材料制备及其电磁性能研究

研究了利用化学镀在膨胀石墨表面及内部孔结构制备Ni-Co-P非晶态合金镀层的方法,探讨了合金镀层对膨胀石墨电磁性能的影响。结果表明,Ni-Co-P/EG材料电磁屏蔽效能明显提高,Ni-Co-P/EG材料电磁屏蔽效能均高于50 dB,最高达到69 dB。     

改性活性炭纤维对含乙醇有机废气的吸附性能研究

文章研究了活性炭纤维(ACF)对乙醇的吸附性能以及表面基团和形态对吸附性能的影响,并以提高活性炭纤维对乙醇的吸附性能为出发点,采用无机盐浸渍及二次热处理方法对ACF进行表面改性,改性前ACF对乙醇的吸附容量为376mg/g,经过无机盐浸渍并二次热处理改性的ACF对乙醇的吸附容量达到了516mg/g,穿透时间也由改性前的30min延长到了80min。结果表明,无机盐浸渍和二次热处理改变了ACF表面基团和形态,从而提高了ACF对乙醇的吸附性能。